Following an in-depth review of Civil Costs by Sir Rupert Jackson, on 1 April 2013 a number of changes to the English court procedures came into effect, the so called “Jackson Reforms”. The primary aim of these Reforms is to reduce the cost of litigation across all the English Courts and to make better use of court time and facilities.

Breach of a safe port warranty, causation of loss of vessel, examination of the master’s navigation and whether causative, appropriate test of good navigation and seamanship, abnormal occurrence

Court of Appeal: Letter of guarantee effective security to constitute a Limitation Fund in England. This is a landmark decision reversing the long-held practice of the Admiralty Court that a Limitation Fund can only be constituted by means of a cash payment into court.

Sellers accepted the Buyers’ conduct as a repudiation of the MOA and/or cancelled the MOA.  Buyers accepted that their failure was a repudiatory breach. It was held that on a proper construction of clause 2 and clause 13 of the NSF93, Sellers are entitled to claim the deposit separately and in addition to their actual loss suffered as long as their right to the deposit has accrued before the contract was terminated.